(Iwaki, Japan). development of fresh antibodies against small molecules like aflatoxins. Keywords:specificity spectrums, dose of immuogen, antibodies, aflatoxin == 1. Intro == Due to immunochemical specificity, using the same immunogen could induce different spectra of antibody specificity. Filter spectra of antibody specificity are assemblages of specific antibodies that identify a single target with high specificity. However, broad spectra of antibody specificity are collectives of specific antibodies that can detect numerous related compounds in one simple test [1,2]. With respect to the study, the specificity spectra of antibodies contributes to the development of narrow-spectrum Nifenazone antibody specificity or broad-spectrum antibody specificity more easily. Until 2000, experts put their main efforts into the development of narrow-spectrum antibody specificity [3,4,5]. However, with the Nifenazone introduction of congener toxins in food, such as sulfonamides, triazine herbicides, organophosphorus (OP), aflatoxins, etc., multi-analyte dedication has attracted substantial interest when testing large numbers of food samples [6,7,8]. Instrumental methods have the potential for simultaneous dedication of multiple analogues and may be Rabbit Polyclonal to RPAB1 more specific and sensitive than immunoassays. However, they are expensive and need a larger amount of time for sample preparation before analysis, which has inhibited extending the scope of monitoring, particularly in field-screening scenarios [9]. As an alternative, broad-specificity immunoassays are extraordinarily effective for monitoring and detecting samples of multi-analyte residues in food and environmental samples [10,11], and the development of broad-specificity immunoassays demands the preparation of a broad spectrum of antibody specificity to all target analytes. For example, several attempts have been made to develop broad-specificity immunoassays for OP pesticide residues from the production of a broad-spectrum-specific antibody against OP pesticide [12]. The most commonly used method to produce a broad-specificity immunoassay is to create an antibody having broad-specificity by using a common hapten, which should demonstrate the common characteristics of all target analytes [12]. Due to the lack of understanding of the specific relationships between antibodies and target analytes or haptens, the antibody specificity resulting from the newly-designed hapten is usually unpredictable, and this result comes only after laborious and time-consuming animal experiments. Sometimes an apparent rationally-designed common hapten is unable to generate antibodies with the desired level of sensitivity and specificity [13,14,15]. The varied exposure of an antigenic determinant could form a broad spectrum of the antibody specificity. The most common method of raising the varied exposure of the antigenic determinant is definitely improve the coupling percentage of the coupling reaction between the hapten and the carrier protein. Another approach to raise the varied exposure of the antigenic determinant is to use the flexible connection arm with the proper length, and increase the chance Nifenazone of diversity exposure of the hapten. However, the specificity of the antibody was not only impressed by the different structures of Nifenazone the antigen, but also from the immunogenicity or effectiveness of the antigen [16], such as the dose of the immunogen. The aim of the present study was to research whether the dose of the immunogen was a key influencing factor to obtain a broad spectrum of antibody specificity or not. Aflatoxins (AF) are users of the coumarin family and have become a main threat worldwide because they are teratogenic, extremely toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Due to the varying structure of different aflatoxins causing an issue in the development of diagnostic techniques, aflatoxins were chosen as research subjects with this paper [17]. Since all aflatoxins have a similar core structure (Number 1), it should be possible to develop a single antibody that is able Nifenazone to testing a single target with high specificity, or obtain a common immunoassay for simultaneous acknowledgement of multiple aflatoxins..